Molecular Imaging of HER2 Expression in Breast Cancer patients Using the [99mTc] Tc-Labeled Small Peptide.

PURPOSE: The accurate determination of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status can predict response to treatment with HER2-targeted therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer patients. [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-(Ser)3-LTVPWY ([99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-LY) is a small synthetic peptide molecule targeting of the HER2 receptor. This clinical study evaluated the pharmacokinetic, dosimetry, and efficacy of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-LY for determining the HER2 status in primary breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 24 women with suspected primary breast cancer received an intravenous injection of approximately 20 µg (∼740 MBq) of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-LY. In the first 3 patients, blood levels of radioactivity were analyzed for pharmacokinetic evaluation and planar gamma camera imaging was conducted at 30 min and 1, 2, 4, and 24 hour after injection for dosimetry assessment. In the last 21 patients, planar imaging was performed at the baseline, as well as 1, 2, 3, and 4 hour, followed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging after 4 hour to evaluate the tumor-targeting potential in primary lesions. RESULTS: Injection of [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-LY was safe and well tolerated. Fast blood clearance provided high-contrast HER2 imaging within 1 to 4 hour. The highest absorbed radiation dose was found for kidneys (6.78E-03 ± 2.62E-04 mSv/MBq), followed by the heart (3.73E-03 ± 1.98E-04 mSv/MBq). The [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-LY peptide was able to detect HER2 status in primary tumors at an acceptable level. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicated that [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-LY SPECT is safe and feasible for the identification of HER2-positive lesions in primary breast cancer patients, and may provide an accurate and non-invasive modality for guiding HER2 targeted therapy.

Motor Exercises Effect on Improving Shoulders Functioning, Functional Ability, Quality of Life, Depression and Anxiety For Women With Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: This research aimed to study the effects of motor exercises on improving shoulder functioning, functional ability, quality of life, depression, and anxiety in patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized clinical trial in which 70 eligible patients referred to the oncology ward participated in two intervention and control groups. The intervention group (N=35) had been doing motor exercises for five weeks. Before the surgery, two days, and five weeks after surgery, shoulder Range Of Motion (ROM) was measured with a goniometer, and the functional capacity level was measured by the 6-Minute-Walk-Test. Quality of life, depression, and anxiety were measured using the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23; and HADS questionnaires, respectively, at baseline and five weeks after surgery. Descriptive statistics, the T-test, and the Chi-Square t-hotelling model were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The results showed that motor exercises had a significant statistical increase in the distance of 6MWT (P<.001) and ROM (P≤.001) compared to the control group. Moreover, there were significant differences in dimensions of patients' quality of life, depression, and anxiety in the intervention group, compared to the control group (P<.05). CONCLUSION: Motor exercises had positive effects on improving physical functioning, shoulder ROM, and decreasing patients' anxiety and depression symptoms, consequently enhancing the quality of life.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: challenges of treatment in iranian women.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: As a chronic inflammatory disease of an unknown origin, the treatment of granulomatous mastitis has always been controversial. According to some researchers, surgical treatment and certain medications, especially steroids, are more effective in treating the disease. This study aimed at evaluating the results of treatment in a group of patients with granulomatous mastitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This longitudinal cohort study evaluated the treatment outcomes of 87 patients with pathology-confirmed granulomatous mastitis referred to the surgical clinic of Central Hospital in Sari, Iran. Demographic, clinical, and pathological information, treatment methods and results, and the recurrence rate were analyzed. FINDINGS: A total of 87 female patients with granulomatous mastitis aged 22-52 years with a mean age of 34 years were evaluated. All patients had palpable masses; the breast masses were painful in 48.3% of patients, and 55.2% of patients suffered from erythema and inflammation, and8% had fistulas and ulcers at the inflammation site. The patients were followed-up for an average duration of 26 months (8-48 months) after treatment and recovery. The overall recurrence rate was 24.1%, and the recurrence rate was 29.4% in patients underwent surgery, 34.8% in patients received high-dose prednisolone, and 17% in those received low-dose prednisolone together with drainage (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, the low-dose prednisolone plus drainage was more effective with a lower recurrence rate than only surgical excision or high-dose prednisolone. In fact, the use of minimally invasive methods such as drainage plus low-dose steroids is a more effective method with fewer side effects than the other two methods.

Corticosteroids in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is an inflammatory disease of the breasts with an unknown etiology. Corticosteroids are one the primary options for treating this disease, but the results of previous studies concerning their efficacy have been controversial. We, therefore, decided to assess the effectiveness of corticosteroids on IGM using a systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted a systematic search using MeSH terms and all relevant keywords in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science until May 21, 2019. Data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) V.2 software program and presented as the event rate, risk ratio (RR) and risk difference (RD). Twelve studies including 559 IGM patients were entered into the meta-analysis. Our analysis showed that the RR and RD of recurrence in the steroid-only group compared with the surgery-only group were 2.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-31.33) and 0.14 (95% CI - 0.01-0.30), respectively, showing no statistical significance. The meta-analysis of the steroid-only group and steroid + surgery group showed that the RR of recurrence was 6.13 (95% CI 0.41-81.62) with no significance. However, the meta-analysis of the RD showed that the risk of recurrence in the steroid group was significantly higher than that in the steroids + surgery group (RD: 0.28, 95% CI 0.11-0.44). This meta-analysis showed that managing IGM with only steroids may be less effective than the combination of steroids and surgery. This combination approach may result in a lower rate of recurrence and side effects in these patients.

Sentinel Node Biopsy in Early Breast Cancer Patients with Palpable Axillary Node.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a reliable method for evaluation of the axillary lymph node status in early stage breast cancer patients with non-palpable lymph nodes. The present study evaluated the status of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes in T1T2 patients with palpable axillary lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and two women with early breast cancer were investigated in this study. Patients were selected for axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy and then surgery .Then the rates of false negative and true positive, and diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph nodes biopsy were evaluated. In addition, the hormone receptors status of the tumor was determined through IHC and data was analyzed in SPSS21. RESULTS: In this study, the mean age of the patients was 49 years, 85% had invasive ductal carcinoma  in their pathology reports, 77% were ER/PR positive, 30% HER2 positive and 9.8% triple negative and 69% had KI67<14%. In frozen pathology, 15.7 and 84.3% were sentinel positive and negative, respectively, and in the final pathology, 41 and 58.8% were sentinel positive and negative, respectively. This difference arises from the false negative rate of the frozen pathology, which was about 31.3%. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the frozen section were 24, 90 and 43%, respectively. Lymphovascular invasion is an important effective factor in the involvement of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes. Statistical analysis showed that the probability of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes involvement was higher in receptor positive patients and those with KI67>14% (p<0.002) whereas the rate of involvement was lower in triple negative patients. CONCLUSION: Sentinel node biopsy can be used in a significant percentage of breast cancer patients with palpable and reactive axillary lymph nodes.

Is Necessary Intraoprative Frozen Section In Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy For Breast Cancer Patients?

BACKGROUND: Improvements in the process of staging and surgical treatment of axillary lymph nodes in recent years, have led to the use of intra operative frozen section pathology to examine the sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we evaluated the results of the Sentinel biopsy in 102 patients with early stage breast cancer, which were negative clinical lymph nodes, and analyzing the true positive and false negative rate, diagnostic accuracy of frozen section lymph node biopsy. It also studied the factors affecting the sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes in patients treated by axillary lymph dissection. RESULTS: In this study, we investigated 102 patients' stage 1and 2 breast cancer with clinical negative axillary lymph node and candidates for sentinel lymph node biopsy, were placed under investigation. 15.7 % of the real positive results of sentinel and 62.7 % of the real negative and 2 % false positives and 20.9 % false negative results and% 78. 4 diagnostic accuracy, has been frozen section. Among the patients who were initially or delayed in the axillary dissection, 37% had more than two lymph nodes. While in general, 16.7% of patients had a need for axillary lymph node dissection based on z11 criteria. Lymph-vascular invasion was a major contributor to lentil involvement in Sentinel and non-Sentinel nodes. CONCLUSION: Frozen section pathology during the operation of sentinel lymph node biopsy has been initiated to prevent the need for a reoperation in early stage breast cancer patients. However, due to low tumor burden in patients who are candidates for this procedure, and the constraints in the initial sections and their false negative results, also the removal of frozen section will not have an effect on the rate of increasing reoperation and can be effective in reducing the time and cost of surgery.

Relationships between Reproductive Risk Factors for Breast Cancer and Tumor Molecular Subtypes

Background: Due to wide clinical differences in the various pathological types of breast cancer and also close associations between disease prognosis and molecular subtypes, relationships of the latter with traditional risk factors have been suggested. Hence, the present study aimed to assess any associations. Methods: This bi-center cross-sectional study was performed on 800 consecutive women with known breast cancer referred to two Comprehensive Cancer Centers in Tehran between 2006 and 2016. Baseline information related to reproductive risk profiles as well as pathological tumor diagnosis and molecular subtypes determined using immunohistochemical analysis by immune-staining for ER, PR, and HER2 molecules were collected by reviewing hospital records. Results: Of 800 samples included for immunohistochemical analysis, 314 (39.3%) were diagnosed as of Luminal A subtype, 107 (13.4%) as Luminal B subtype, 153 (19.1%) as HER-2 over-expressing, and 226 (28.3%) as triple negative. Among all reproductive risk factors initially assessed, young age was associated with HER-2 over-expression, greater tumor size and a history of abortion with the luminal B subtype, lower age at pregnancy with the luminal A subtype, and lower gravidity and a shorter duration of breastfeeding with the triple negative subtype. Conclusion: Each molecular subtype of breast cancer in our population may be associated with specific reproductive risk factors.

Effecst of Patho- Biological Factors on the Survival of Recurrent Breast Cancer Cases

Background: Recurrence of breast cancer after treatment is generally due to loco-regional invasion or distant metastasis. Although patients with metastasis are considered incurable, existing treatments might prolong a patient's life while also improving its quality. Choice of approach for individual patients requires identification of relevant survival factors. This study concerns factors influencing survival after recurrence in Iranian breast cancer patients. Methods: This study was performed on 442 recurrent breast cancer patients referred to the Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University between 1985 and 2015. After confirming recurrence as a distant metastasis or loco-regional invasion, the effects of demographic, clinic-pathologic, biological, type of surgery and type of adjuvant treatment on survival were evaluated using univariate and multivariate stratified Cox models. Results: The mean survival after recurrence was 18 months (5 days to 13 years), 219 patients (70.42%) survived two years, 75 patients (24.12%) survived from 2 to 5 years, and 17 patients (5.47%) survived more than 5 years. In this study, it was found through univariate analysis that the factors of age, lymph node status, DFI, place of recurrence and nodal ratio demonstrated greatest influence on survival after recurrence. On multivariate analysis, the most important factors influencing survival were the place of recurrence and the lymph node status. Conclusion: The results of this study enhance our knowledge of effects of different factors on survival of patients after breast cancer recurrence. Thus, they may be used to inform treatment choice.

Fitting Cure Rate Model to Breast Cancer Data of Cancer Research Center.

BACKGROUND: The Cox PH model is one of the most significant statistical models in studying survival of patients. But, in the case of patients with long-term survival, it may not be the most appropriate. In such cases, a cure rate model seems more suitable. The purpose of this study was to determine clinical factors associated with cure rate of patients with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to find factors affecting cure rate (response), a non-mixed cure rate model with negative binomial distribution for latent variable was used. Variables selected were recurrence cancer, status for HER2, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), size of tumor, grade of cancer, stage of cancer, type of surgery, age at the diagnosis time and number of removed positive lymph nodes. All analyses were performed using PROC MCMC processes in the SAS 9.2 program. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of patients was equal to 48.9 (11.1) months. For these patients, 1, 5 and 10-year survival rates were 95, 79 and 50 percent respectively. All of the mentioned variables were effective in cure fraction. Kaplan-Meier curve showed cure model's use competence. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike other variables, existence of ER and PR positivity will increase probability of cure in patients. In the present study, Weibull distribution was used for the purpose of analysing survival times. Model fitness with other distributions such as log-N and log-logistic and other distributions for latent variable is recommended.